Africa



= ** Essential Questions **: =
 * ** How can political change cause conflict **
 * Political change causes conflict because sometimes some people don't agree with the change or with what is going on or when its change by force. Ideas will clash. Struggle for power and politics can lead to conflict, everyone has a different view point.
 * ** How does the development of nationalism impact people, nations, and empires? **
 * Because of how the people feel towards their homeland and in an empire it could cause conflict. They think that everyone else is inferior.
 * ** How can political relationships affect economic relationships? **
 * Politics and economics work hand in hand. A change in one could bring a bad change in another one. If countries don't have a good relationship then they don't trade and that affects stuff.
 * ** What characteristics and factors unite people as a nation? **
 * Making people feel at home or giving them what they want. Pretty much when people get along and feel welcomed, also when they can enjoy time together. Usually tragedies untie people as a nation, culture unites a nation. Common view points also unite people.

=Comments on Africa from Video:=
 * China was a thriving manufacturer power
 * Opium was something that China would buy
 * China gave up all sovereignty to Britain.
 * European industrialization provided the mean
 * Africa had diseases of its own
 * Most fighting was done with swords
 * They had to wait colonize Africa until they had technological advances
 * Guns are what enabled Europeans to conquer Africa
 * The Africans fought back and it was hard to take them down
 * Europe could always rely on their military strength to control other countries.
 * Resisting usually didn't work out well
 * Africans could successfully resist Britain
 * They went to Africa because they had an abundance of natural resourced that the Europeans could use.
 * Europeans depended on Africa's intermediary governments because of its size.
 * Imperialism brought wealth to Europeans
 * Europeans urged Africans to give up their beliefs and accept western ways
 * population of some areas declined drastically
 * the Europeans thought colonization was a noble task
 * They wanted all the raw material Africa had

=Question on map of Imperialism and Global Economy:= Questions

Analysis of Quote:
// "Like a cyclone, imperialism spins across the globe; militarism crushes peoples, and sucks the blood like a vampire." // ~By Karl Liebknecht
 * When they say imperialism spins across the globe it is trying to say that it spread around the world quickly, militarism dehumanizes people. Imperialism uses superior forces and militarism rapes all the raw material from the people.

=Scramble for Africa:= Markup

** Picture Detective **:




 * Questions:
 * Where are they going? and what are the people supposed to represent?
 * Clues:
 * Rocks with words
 * going towards something that says civilization
 * carrying people
 * they're struggling
 * looks like uncle Sam
 * the people in front are happy
 * the ones in the back are mad
 * What is the message of the political cartoon?
 * The message is that who ever the person in the front is supposed to be, they beat the US to civilization and how to reach civilization they had to overcome the rocks which symbolize oppression, ignorance, superstition and etc. Also, inorder to reach civilization there were people who relied on them.

=The New Imperialism:= Template

=Frayer Model on imperialism:=

=White mans burden questions:=


 * 1. According to Kipling, and in your own words, what was the “White Man’s Burden”? **
 * the white mans burden was the american colonization and that what he wrote the poem towards. To educate the natives as if it was their duty to do so.
 * 2. What reward did Kipling suggest the “White Man” gets for carrying his “burden”? **
 * The reward that the white man gets for carrying his burden is the blame of the ye guards and the cry of hosts ye humor. Prestige reward, and a reward from heaven it was just the right thing to do.
 * 3. Who did Kipling think would read his poem? What do you think that this audience might have said in response to it? **
 * He wrote this poem to the US imperialism. His audience probably didn't agree with it at the time because its a little insulting on them. People who were interested in imperialism, and the response is that they would support it and be in favor of it.
 * 4. What lines of the poem did you find the most interesting and why? **
 * The line that i found most interesting is the third line when they say "Go send your sons to exile" and i think this was interesting because its so strong and it probably got to the audience and that was the point of this line, no one wants their kinds to be in exile.

=Berlin Conference : = Markup

=Black Man's Burden Response:= This poem was written in response to the White mans Burden, and you can tell from reading this poem that the Philippines were not satisfied with what he had said in the white mans burden and this was their way of getting back, by writing this. You can tell that they mean by what he writes in this poem like when he says, "With bullets, blood or death" this shows how he didn't like what he had wrote in white mans burden and also wasn't liking what the US was doing. The message of this poem is that they wont stand down and do nothing about what the US is doing, they will stand up for themselves and protect their nation and i got this from the line "Better by far defend it With honor’s holy breath." this shows how they will defend themselves with honor. They're also saying how its a joke that they think its their "duty" to teach these people because they killing people, they're not teaching anyone, and this is unacceptable.

=Describe the significance of the Berlin Conference in 5 words:=
 * Restricting
 * Abolishment
 * Law-making
 * Protective
 * Agreement
 * Effective

=Primary Sources on Imperialism in Africa:=

// " Throughout history it has been the inaction of those who could have acted, the indifference of those who should have known better, the silence of the voice of justice when it mattered that has made it possible for evil to triumph." ** Haille Selassie, Ethiopian emperor, 1892-1975 ** //
 * Document 1:**

Questions to consider ** : **


 * ** What is the perspective of the author? What events might have caused the author to think as he does? **
 * His perspective is that when people think something is wrong they should speak out before it gets worse, don't be the person who says its not me because one day it will be and you wont be able to not do anything.
 * ** Why might the author be making this statement? **
 * The author is probably making this statement because of the events that were going on and how people would stand up and say it something they just went along with it.
 * ** How does the quote relate to Imperialism in Africa? Explain. **
 * It relates to imperialism because if someone had said something about it it wouldnt of gone as far as it did, it would of stopped before it got bad.

// **"On French Colonial Expansion" A Speech before the French Chamber of Deputies, March 28, 1884, by Jules Ferry (1832-1893): Ferry was twice prime minister of France, from (1880-1881, 1883-1885)** // // Gentlemen, we must speak more loudly and more honestly! We must say openly that indeed the higher races have a right over the lower races... // // I repeat, that the superior race races have a right because they have a duty. They have the duty to civilize inferior races...In the history of earlier centuries these duties gentlemen have been misunderstood; and certainly when the Spanish soldiers and explorers introduced slavery into Central America, they did not fulfill their duty as men of a higher race....But inour time, I maintain that European nations acquit themselves with generosity, with grandeur, and with sincerity of this superior civilizing duty. //
 * Document 2:**

// I say that French colonial policy, the policy of colonial expansion, the policy that has taken us under the Empire, that has led us to Tunisia, to Madagascar- I say this policy of colonial expansion was inspired by...the fact that a navy such as ours cannot do withtout safe harbors, defenses, supply centers on the high seas...Are you unaware of this? Look at the map of the world. //


 * **Who is the author of this piece of evidence? What is his viewpoint?**
 * Jules ferry, his view point is that the European nations are superior to all others and they must use this superiority to their advantage.
 * **What justifications does he offer to support his viewpoint?**
 * He supports his view points by bringing in the slaves, he says hows how the Spanish soldiers didn't fulfill their duty as the higher race but they must do right what they did wrong.
 * **Why might he be giving this speech? What is the purpose of this speech?**
 * **What does the speech tell you about life and attitudes of that time?**
 * this shows how people thought they were the best and how they were superior to everyone else, also they thought they were at the top of the world, especially the Europeans.

//"The Rhodes of Colossus: Striding from Cape Town to Cairo"// **Published in Punch, or the London Charivari, December 10, 1982.** ** Artists: Linley Sambourne **
 * Document 3:**


 * **Where and when was this political cartoon published? What impact might this have on its perspective and bias?**
 * It was published in the London Charivari, Decemeber 10, 1982. The impact it has is that the region that it was made in would think that this is bias to them.
 * **What meaning does the title give to the Illustration? Why might the author have chosen the words he did/ (colossus, striding, Cape Town and Cairo)**
 * It says "from cape town to cairo" because the man is stepping on those two citys, and this represents how he is protecting this land from the tip of it in the north to the tip of it in the south, hes pretty much saying hes going to protect all of it, every last bit of it.
 * **Who is being depicted in this political cartoon? (research cartoon) What objects do you see?**
 * They are showing how they are taking over and it seems to be Cecil Rhodes on top of the Africa, it shows how this man was the politician in Africa and how he started to protect this land and he was standing up for what the people were doing.
 * **What is the artists viewpoint? What evidence from the political cartoon supports your claim?**
 * He doesnt like what all these Europeans nations are doing to Africa and he doesnt agree with imperialism. He thinks that it is wrong and he is showing how this man is trying to protect the land that everyone is taking advantage of.

" // **Moshweshewe: Letter ton Sir George Grey, 1858" written by Mark X of Moshweshewe, Chief of the Basutos** //. Markup
 * Document 4:**
 * **Who is the author? Why is he writing the letter? What is the purpose?**
 * Mark X, the chief of the Basuto tribe in Moshweshewe, is the author of this letter. He's writing the letter to inform Sir George Grey of the situation that him and his tribe have been put into by the invasive Boers and other high-ranking British officials, asking for help to stop their unfair territorial advances.
 * **The letter included the names of several individuals and groups. Who are these individuals and groups? How do they impact the meaning of the letter? (you will have to research names and groups as example Boers, Harry Smith....)**
 * The Boers were South Africans of Dutch or German descent that would regularly fight with the native populations of Southern Africa and the British empire. They provide evidence of a common enemy among the British and the Basutos, which would help convey a message of real danger from the chief to the British officials. Sir P. Maitland was the governor of the Cape of Good Hope for a short while and was respected by the people of Lesotho when he offered a border dispute solution.
 * **Do you think the letter was successful in fulfilling its purpose? Why or why not? Use evidence (quotes) from the letter to support your claim.**
 * I do not think that the letter was successful, because the British would keep expanding their territory in South Africa for years to come. The chief was an African man, and the British wouldn't dare to be commanded by an "uncivilized savage", especially if the chief had already talked to "Sir George Napier".


 * Document 5:**
 * Source: Ndansi Kumalo, African veteran of the Ndebele Rebellion against British advances in southern Africa, 1896. **

So we surrendered to the White people and were told to go back to our homes and live our usual lives and attend to our crops. We were treated like slaves. They came and were overbearing. We were ordered to carry their clothes and bundles. They harmed our wives and our daughters. How the rebellion started I do not know; there was no organization, it was like a fire that suddenly flames up. I had an old gun. They—the White men—fought us with big guns, machine guns, and rifles. Many of our people were killed in this fight: I saw four of my cousins shot. We made many charges but each time we were defeated.But for the White men’s machine guns, it would have been different.


 * **How were the the people of southern Africa treated by the imperialists?**
 * They were treated like animals, this could be considered dehumanization towards the Africans, they came into their land and just started beating them and taking their homes and mistreating their wives and etc. they caused of lot of damage to the Africans.
 * **Why was the African rebellion unsuccessful?**
 * the rebellion was unsuccessful because the white men had more guns and more troops, they also had stronger weapons that were better in the defeating of the Africans, many died.
 * Document 6:**
 * Source: Mojimba, African chief, describing a battle in 1877 on the Congo River against British and African mercenaries, as told to a German Catholic missionary in 1907. **

And still those bangs went on; the long sticks spat fire, pieces of iron whistled around us,fell into the water with a hissing sound, and our brothers continued to fall. We ran into our village and they ran after us. We fled into the forest and flung ourselves on the ground. When we returned that evening our eyes beheld fearful things: our brothers, dead, bleeding, our village plundered and burned, and the river full of dead bodies.You call us wicked men, but you White men are much more wicked! You think because you have guns you can take away our land and our possessions. You have sickness in your heads, for this is not justice


 * **Who is the author of this source? What does it refer to?**
 * Mojimba, he has an African Chief. It refers to a battle in 1877 on the Congo river against British and African mercenaries.
 * **Describe the strength of the sides in this battle using evidence from the text.**
 * It is clear that the Britsh force is much stronger as the African force and we cant tell that by when they say that "they ran after us" and when they say "our brothers continued to fall" these two quotes shows how the British force was much stronger and how they were killing and beating the African force.
 * **What is the chief's opinion of the British?**
 * His opinion of the British is that they are sick people and they are not right in doing this, he even says that they are sick in their heads and this is not just.


 * Document 7:**
 * Source: German military officer, account of the 1905 Maji Maji Rebellion in German East Africa, German military weekly newspaper, 1906 **.

The chiefs spread it among their people that a spirit, living in the form of a snake, had given a magic medicine to a medicine man. The medicine guaranteed a good harvest, so that in future people would no more need to perform wage labor for foreigners in order to obtain accustomed luxuries. The medicine would also give invulnerability, acting in such a way that enemy bullets would fall from their targets like raindrops from a greased body. It would strengthen women and children for the flight customary in wartime, with the associated hardships and privations, and protect them from being seized by the victorious attackers, who were accustomed to taking women and children with them as war prizes. The medicine consisted of water, maize, and sorghum grains. The water was applied by pouring it over the head and by drinking.


 * ** What is the message the German military officer was trying to send about the East Africans? Give evidence from the document to support your claim **
 * The German officer was trying to allude to the fact that the East Africans believed that they had a protective medicine that would save them from bullets, saying that they would "fall from their targets like raindrops", and death if they tried to attack the Europeans. He might also be saying that the East Africans could be preparing for a rebellion with this new-found "magic medicine" of "invulnerability" and that this rebellion needs to be stopped before it starts.
 * **Why do you think the Africans made such claims?**
 * The Africans would've probably made claims like these in order to rally support and hope among their own people in the face of the overwhelming might of the European guns. With this disillusioned hope, the Africans could possibly fight back against the Europeans more fiercely than before.

**Document 8**: Smithsonian Institution sponsored African expedition for Theodore Roosevelt, 1909-1910. Photo was used as an illustration in Theodore Roosevelt's book, "African Game Trails" published in 1910.




 * **Describe the person and objects in this photo.**
 * This is a picture of a man and an elephant, the mans seems to be proud of it as if its an accomplishment, also it seems like he has a gun in his hand so maybe he probably shot the elephant to death or enough to paralyze it.
 * **What is the purpose of the photograph?**
 * This pictures purpose to represent something in a book, maybe it could have been this guys accomplishments and it is clear that it was taken in Africa and it could also show that Africa has a lot of elephants or that they are easy to capture there.
 * **What economic or social implications does this photo indicate about Africa in 1909?**
 * This shows how people could do whatever they wanted in Africa and how it didn't really have a government, people went in and did what they wanted and no one stopped them like this man ho killed this elephant, no one stopped him from doing it.


 * Document 9: **




 * **What European industries benefited from African resources?**
 * A lot of industries benefitted from African resources like: Fabrics, soap, candles, clothes, tires, handles, instruments, billiard balls, coins metal alloys electrical wiring, ammunition, jewelry, tools, rope and twine. These are all the industries in Europe that benefited from the African resources.
 * **Which European country do you feel had the most valuable colonies? Why?**
 * I think that Great Britain was the one who had the most valuable colony which was Rhodesia and this is because in their colony they had gold and Diamond which are the two most valuables materials that you can find.
 * **How could this document be used to explain the primary reason for European imperialism in Africa?**
 * This document could be used to explain the primary reason for imperialism in Africa because it shows what types of materials that each European nation got from the colonies and how each one could be used for either industrial or economic use, in other words this is showing how they were benefiting from all of this.


 * Document 10 ** :

"Colonialism’s greatest misdeed was to have tried to strip us of our responsibility in conducting our own affairs and convince us that our civilization was nothing less than savagery, thus giving us complexes which led to our being branded as irresponsible and lacking in self-confidence. . . The colonial powers had assimilated each of their colonies into their own economy.  Our continent possesses tremendous reserves of raw material and they, together with its potential sources of power, give it excellent conditions for industrialization. . ." Sekou Toure, West African nationalist, 1962


 * ** In 1962, what was the response of this West African nationalist to years of colonialism? **
 * He didn't like it and he thought it was wrong. He thought that it was an act that shouldn't have happened and as he said this was the "greatest misdeed" Him and every other African believes that what they did was wrong and unacceptable, they came in and just Africa a part of their economy and they did this by completely stripping them of their resources and their rights.